Reference

PSE Investing Glossary

Plain-English definitions for the terms used across PSEye, in 7 sections. Every entry here is something this site computes or displays, not a generic finance dictionary.

Trading basics

How orders, settlement, fees and trading hours actually work on the PSE.

Board Lot: The minimum number of shares you can trade in one order for a given stock on the PSE, set by the exchange's board lot table based on the stock's price range. Lower-priced stocks generally have a larger board lot, higher-priced stocks a smaller one. You can't buy or sell a fraction of a board lot through a regular order.; Full definition →
Suspended (Trading Status): A stock the PSE has temporarily halted from trading, often pending disclosure of material information, a compliance issue, or a corporate action. A suspended stock has no current trade to report, so its price shows as "N/A" rather than a stale or zero value.; Full definition →
PSE Trading Hours: The Philippine Stock Exchange trades in two sessions, Manila time (UTC+8), Monday to Friday except PSE holidays: 9:30am-12:00nn, a one-hour lunch recess with no trading, then 1:00pm-3:00pm (plus a short pre-close/no-cancel window right before the 3:00pm close). Prices shown on PSEye are end-of-day or delayed, not live ticks during those sessions.; Full definition →
Stock Transaction Tax: A 0.6% tax on the gross selling price, deducted automatically by your broker on every sale of PSE-listed shares, not on purchases, and not something you calculate or file yourself. It applies regardless of whether the sale was a gain or a loss, since it's charged on the transaction value, not the profit.; Full definition →See Dividends and costs →
Settlement (T+2): The Philippine Stock Exchange settles trades two business days after the trade date ("T+2"): a buy order filled today doesn't land in your account, and a sell order's cash proceeds aren't available, until two business days later. This is a market-wide settlement cycle, not something specific to any one broker.; Full definition →See Your first trade →
Market Order: An order to buy or sell immediately at the best price currently available, rather than a price you set yourself. It almost always fills right away, but on a thinly-traded stock the price you actually get can differ from the last quoted price. You're trading certainty of execution for control over price.; Full definition →See Your first trade →
Limit Order: An order to buy or sell only at a price you specify (or better): a buy limit fills at your price or lower, a sell limit at your price or higher. It gives you control over the price but no guarantee of filling at all. If the market never reaches your limit, the order simply sits unfilled until it expires or you cancel it.; Full definition →See Your first trade →

Investing strategies

Named approaches to picking and holding stocks, and what each one needs from you. PSEye describes them and shows the figures behind them; it never tells you which to follow.

Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA / Peso-Cost Averaging): Investing a fixed peso amount at regular intervals (e.g. monthly) regardless of price, rather than a lump sum: buys more shares when the price is low and fewer when it's high, averaging out your entry price over time instead of betting on a single day.; Full definition →See DCA calculator →
Dividend Investing: Building a portfolio around companies that pay regular cash dividends, so the holding produces income whether or not the share price rises. It suits a long horizon and a tolerance for boring companies, since the reliable payers on the PSE are mostly mature banks, utilities and property firms rather than fast-growing ones. The work is in checking a payout is sustainable rather than in finding the largest number: sort the screener by yield and the top of the list is where dividend traps collect.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →See Dividend calendar →
Dividend Growth Investing: Choosing companies for how fast their dividend is rising rather than for how large it is today. A 3% yield growing 10% a year overtakes a flat 6% one within about a decade, and the rising payout tends to pull the share price with it. The trade is patience: the income starts small and the case only pays off if the growth actually continues. Each PSEye stock page shows the trailing 12-month dividend against the prior year, which is the year-over-year change this strategy is built on.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →See Company pages →
Dividend Reinvestment: Using the cash a dividend pays you to buy more shares of the same company, so the next payout is calculated on a larger holding. It is what turns a dividend from income into compounding. Philippine brokers rarely automate this, so on the PSE it usually means placing the buy yourself, which brings two frictions worth planning around: the board lot minimum, and a commission charged on a small order.; Full definition →See DCA calculator →See Portfolio tracker →
Dividend Capture: Buying a stock just before its ex-date purely to collect the dividend, then selling shortly after. It usually does not work, and the arithmetic is the reason: the price typically drops by roughly the dividend on the ex-date, so the payout and the drop largely cancel. What does not cancel is the cost, since you pay commission twice, the 0.6% stock transaction tax on the sale, and 10% withholding on the dividend itself. It is listed here because it is a common beginner question, not because the numbers support it.; Full definition →See Dividend calendar →See Trading costs calculator →
Value Investing: Buying companies trading below what their assets and earnings suggest they are worth, on the expectation the gap closes. The starting screen is a low P/E or a P/B under 1, both sortable ascending on the PSEye explorer. The hard part is the second step: a low multiple can mean the market has overlooked a company, or that it correctly expects earnings to fall, and only reading the financial statements separates the two. It also asks for patience, since a gap can stay open for years.; Full definition →See Stock explorer →See Company pages →
Growth Investing: Buying companies whose revenue and earnings are expanding quickly, accepting a high valuation today for a larger business later. It is the mirror of value investing: the multiple is high precisely because the market already expects growth, so the risk is not that the company does badly but that it merely does well. Each PSEye stock page shows year-over-year change on revenue and net income beside the annual statements, which is where the claim gets checked.; Full definition →See Company pages →See Stock explorer →
Momentum Investing: Buying what has already been rising, on the observation that trends tend to persist for a while before they reverse. It points in the opposite direction to value investing: a stock that has doubled is more expensive against the same earnings, and momentum buys it anyway. The difficulty is exits, because the same evidence that a trend persists also says it ends, usually sharply. PSEye's movers page ranks real returns over one week to two years, and RSI on the analytics page measures how stretched a recent run is.; Full definition →See Top gainers & losers →See Market analytics →
Contrarian Investing: Deliberately buying what most investors are selling, on the view that crowds overshoot in both directions. It needs a way to tell a genuine overreaction from a company that is falling for good reason, which is the entire difficulty. The losers list on the movers page and market breadth statistics are where a contrarian looks first, but the same rule as value investing applies: a cheap price is a question, not an answer.; Full definition →See Top gainers & losers →See Market statistics →
Buy and Hold: Buying with the intention of holding for years and not reacting to ordinary price swings. Its advantage is mostly arithmetic rather than insight: every round trip on the PSE costs a bit over 1% in commission, VAT, exchange fees and the 0.6% transaction tax, so the same money traded twelve times a year pays that toll twelve times. Holding also defers the tax on the gain. The cost is that you sit through the falls as well as the rises.; Full definition →See DCA calculator →See Trading costs calculator →
Index Investing: Buying the market as a whole rather than picking individual companies, usually through an exchange-traded fund that tracks an index. On the PSE that mainly means a PSEi tracker, which gives you the 30 largest listed companies in one trade at a fraction of the cost of assembling them yourself. You accept the market's return by design, which is more than most stock pickers manage after costs. Listed ETFs appear in PSEye's sector directory alongside the six company sectors.; Full definition →See Sectors & ETFs →See DCA calculator →
Blue Chip: A large, long-established company with reliable earnings and, usually, a steady dividend. On the PSE this is roughly the PSEi 30: the major banks, conglomerates, property developers and utilities. They are not safe in the sense of never falling, and several have had long flat stretches. What they offer is that the business is unlikely to disappear and the stock trades in enough volume that you can sell a real position without moving the price.; Full definition →See Rankings by market cap →See Most active stocks →
Sector Rotation: Shifting money between sectors as conditions change, on the view that different industries lead at different points in an economic cycle. It asks you to be right about two things at once, the cycle and the timing, which is why it is harder in practice than it reads. PSEye's sector pages show each sector's combined market cap and constituents, and the analytics page's correlation matrix shows which sectors have actually moved together rather than which ones are supposed to.; Full definition →See Sectors →See Sector correlation →
Rebalancing: Periodically selling down whatever has grown into an oversized share of your portfolio and topping up what has shrunk, to return to your intended weights. Left alone, a winner compounds into a concentration risk you never chose. It forces the unnatural act of trimming your best holding, and on the PSE each adjustment costs commission plus the 0.6% tax on the sell, so most people do it once or twice a year rather than continuously. PSEye shows the current weight of every position.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →See Trading costs calculator →
Position Sizing: Deciding how much money goes into a holding, which usually matters more to your result than deciding which holding it is. A stock that triples changes little if it was 2% of your portfolio; one that halves is severe if it was 40%. The practical form is a ceiling on any single position, and a smaller ceiling for the ones you are least sure about. PSEye shows each position's weight and scores how evenly your money is spread.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Stop Loss: A price you decide in advance to sell at if a holding falls to it, so the decision is made before the loss is emotional rather than during it. The trade-off is real: set it tight and ordinary volatility takes you out of a position that then recovers, set it loose and it barely limits anything. It works better on a stock you bought for a price move than on one you bought to hold for years. PSEye lets you record a stop level per holding and flags it when the price crosses.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Price Target: The price at which you have decided in advance you would sell, written down while you are still thinking clearly. Its value is less in being correct than in being explicit: a target set at the time of purchase records what you actually expected, which is what makes it possible to tell a good decision from a lucky one later. PSEye lets you record one per holding and badges the position when the live price reaches it.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Total Return: Everything a holding gave you: the price change plus the dividends received, rather than the price change alone. The distinction matters most for exactly the companies dividend investors hold, since a stock flat on price after paying 6% a year did not return zero. Most chart-based figures on PSEye, including the movers rankings, the compare tool and the DCA simulator, are price returns only, so add the dividend record alongside them before comparing two stocks.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →See Compare stocks →
Compounding: Earning a return on returns you already earned, so growth accelerates the longer it runs. It is why time in the market is the one input a small investor fully controls: ₱10,000 growing 8% a year is about ₱21,600 after ten years and ₱100,000 after thirty, and almost all of that difference arrives in the final stretch. It works against you the same way through costs, since a fee taken every year compounds too.; Full definition →See DCA calculator →See Trading costs calculator →
Averaging Down: Buying more of a stock you already hold after the price has fallen, which lowers your average cost per share. It is sound when the fall was a market swing and the business is unchanged, and it is how people lose the most money when it is not, because it concentrates more into a position that is already going wrong. The honest test is whether you would open the position today at this price knowing nothing about what you paid before.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →See DCA calculator →
Time Horizon: How long before you need the money back, which decides more about what you should hold than any view on the market does. Money needed within a couple of years has no business in equities at all, because the PSE has had multi-year stretches of going nowhere and a forced sale during one is what turns a paper loss into a real one. A horizon measured in decades is what makes ordinary volatility survivable rather than dangerous.; Full definition →See Risk and returns →
Risk Tolerance: How large a fall you can hold through without selling, which is a fact about you rather than about any stock. It has two halves people often confuse: the financial one, meaning whether a fall forces you to sell, and the emotional one, meaning whether it makes you want to. The second is the one that usually does the damage, and the only reliable way to learn yours is to notice how you actually behaved the last time your portfolio fell 30%.; Full definition →See Risk and returns →See Portfolio tracker →

Dividends & corporate actions

Payouts, the dates that decide who receives them, and the other actions a company can declare.

Dividend Yield: Trailing-twelve-month cash dividends per share, divided by the current price, shown as a percentage. It's backward-looking: it tells you what a share paid out over the last year, not a guaranteed future payout.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →See Portfolio tracker →
Ex-Dividend Date (Ex-Date): The first day a stock trades without the right to its next declared dividend. You must own the stock before this date to receive that payout. Buying on or after the ex-date means the next dividend goes to the seller instead.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Record Date: The day the company looks at its share register and writes down who owns the stock, and those holders are the ones paid. It sits a couple of days after the ex-date because a Philippine trade takes two business days to settle, so a buy made on the ex-date has not reached the register in time. The ex-date is the one you act on; the record date is the company's own bookkeeping.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Payment Date: The day the dividend actually reaches your broker account, typically several weeks after the record date. Nothing about your entitlement changes while you wait: once you have held past the ex-date the payout is yours even if you sell the shares before it lands. PSEye shows the declared payment date on the calendar whenever the company has published one.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Cash Dividend: A payout in pesos per share, deposited by your broker on the payment date. It is the most common corporate action on the PSE and the only type the dividend screener's yield is built from. A 10% final withholding tax is deducted before it reaches you, so the cash received is about 90% of the declared rate.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Stock Dividend: Extra shares instead of cash, credited in proportion to what you already hold. A 10% stock dividend turns 1,000 shares into 1,100. It is not free money: the company is worth the same afterwards and is now divided into more shares, so the price adjusts down to match. What it does give you is a larger share count with no trade and no commission.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Property Dividend: A payout made in an asset rather than cash, most often shares in a subsidiary or a related listed company. You end up holding something new that you did not choose to buy, which is worth checking before the ex-date: the received shares carry their own price risk and may not be a company you would have picked.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Rights Offer: An offer letting existing shareholders buy new shares at a set price, usually below market, in proportion to what they hold. You have three choices and doing nothing is the worst of them: subscribe and keep your ownership percentage, sell the right if it is tradable and collect its value, or let it lapse and be diluted for nothing. The discount is not a gift, since the new shares dilute the old ones.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Follow-on Offer: A listed company selling additional new shares to the public, after its original listing. Unlike a rights offer it is not restricted to existing shareholders, so your ownership percentage falls unless you buy in alongside everyone else. It raises cash for the company and dilutes current holders; whether that trade is worth it depends entirely on what the money is for.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Stock Split: Existing shares subdivided into more shares at a proportionally lower price each, so a 2-for-1 split turns one ₱200 share into two ₱100 shares. Your holding is worth exactly the same before and after. The point is affordability: a lower price per share means a board lot costs less, which widens the pool of people who can buy in.; Full definition →See Dividend & corporate action calendar →
Payout Ratio: The share of a company's earnings paid out as dividends, worked out as dividends per share divided by earnings per share. It is the single best check on whether a dividend can continue: under roughly 60% leaves room to keep paying through a weak year, while a ratio near or above 100% means the company is paying out more than it earns and is funding the difference from cash reserves or borrowing. PSEye does not print this ratio directly, but every stock page shows both figures it needs, EPS and the trailing 12-month dividend.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →See Company pages →
Yield on Cost: The dividend a stock pays now, measured against what you originally paid for it rather than against today's price. Hold a company that keeps raising its dividend and this figure climbs even as the quoted yield stays flat, which is the whole appeal of dividend growth investing. It says nothing about whether the stock is worth buying today: for that, the current yield is the only relevant one. PSEye's portfolio page reports your income against current market value, so work out yield on cost from the cost basis it shows you.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Dividend Trap (Yield Trap): A stock whose yield looks unusually generous only because the price has already collapsed, or because a one-off special dividend inflated the trailing total. Yield is a ratio, so a falling price raises it automatically without the company having become more generous. The tells are a payout ratio near or above 100%, a yield far above the sector's, and a share price in sustained decline. This is why the highest yield on the screener is a question to investigate, not a result to act on.; Full definition →See Dividend screener →

Company financials & valuation

The reported figures behind a share price, and the multiples built from them.

Free Float (Free Float Level): The percentage of a company's total outstanding shares that are actually available for public trading, excluding shares locked up by controlling owners, the government, or other strategic holders. A company can have a huge market cap but a tiny free float if almost all its shares are held privately.; Full definition →
Market Capitalization (Market Cap): A company's total value on the exchange: its last traded share price multiplied by its total outstanding shares. It's the standard measure of company size used to rank and compare listed companies against each other.; Full definition →See Company rankings →See Sectors →
Float-Adjusted Market Cap: Market capitalization multiplied by free float, the portion of a company's value actually available for public trading (the same convention the PSEi, MSCI, and FTSE use to weight an index). Most rankings on PSEye use plain, unadjusted market cap instead. The exception is Manulife (MFC) and Sun Life (SLF): both are foreign dual-listings whose reported share count is mostly Toronto stock that barely trades here, so they're ranked by float-adjusted cap instead, to keep that mismatch from dominating the board.; Full definition →See Company rankings →
P/B Ratio (Price-to-Book): Share price divided by book value per share, meaning what the company's own balance sheet says each share is worth after subtracting everything it owes. A P/B under 1 says the market values the company at less than its accounting net worth, which can mean it is cheap or that the market doubts those book values. PSEye computes this from each company's latest annual filing, so it reflects that fiscal year rather than today. Shows N/A for a company with negative book value, one with no annual filing on record, or one of the handful of PSE issuers that report in US or Canadian dollars, where a peso price divided by a foreign-currency figure would be off by the exchange rate.; Full definition →See Explorer →
P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings): Share price divided by earnings per share, a common measure of how expensive a stock is relative to its profit. PSEye computes this from the earnings per share in each company's latest annual filing, so it's an annual figure as of the fiscal year shown next to it, not a rolling trailing-twelve-month one, and can be up to a year behind. Shows N/A rather than a number for a company that reported a loss (there are no earnings to price against), one with no annual filing on record, or one of the handful of PSE issuers that report in US or Canadian dollars.; Full definition →See Explorer →
Book Value Per Share: Stockholders' equity attributable to the parent company, divided by shares outstanding: what each share would be worth on paper if the company were liquidated at exactly its balance-sheet value. Sourced from each company's own annual financial reports, not derived or estimated.; Full definition →See Per-stock balance sheet →
EPS (Earnings Per Share): Net income attributable to the parent company for the fiscal year, divided by weighted-average shares outstanding: profit earned per share. PSEye shows both a basic figure (actual shares outstanding) and a diluted one (as if every convertible security were exercised), sourced from the company's own annual financial reports.; Full definition →See Per-stock income statement →
Total Assets: Everything a company owns that has value (cash, receivables, inventory, property, equipment, investments) added up on its balance sheet. Reported alongside total liabilities so you can see what's owned versus owed; the difference between the two is stockholders' equity.; Full definition →See Per-stock balance sheet →
Total Liabilities: Everything a company owes (loans, bonds payable, accounts payable, accrued expenses) added up on its balance sheet. A company with liabilities close to or exceeding its total assets is more financially fragile than one with a wide cushion between the two.; Full definition →See Per-stock balance sheet →
Stockholders' Equity: Total assets minus total liabilities: the portion of a company's balance sheet that belongs to shareholders rather than creditors, on paper. Divided by shares outstanding, it's the basis for book value per share.; Full definition →See Per-stock balance sheet →
Net Income (Net Profit/Loss): What's left of a company's revenue after every expense, interest cost, and tax for the fiscal year: the standard "bottom line" profit (or loss, if negative) figure. Divided by shares outstanding, it's the basis for earnings per share (EPS).; Full definition →See Per-stock income statement →

Portfolio & tracking

The bookkeeping of owning shares: what you paid, what it is worth, and what you have locked in.

Cost Basis: What you actually paid for the shares you still hold: shares bought multiplied by the price you paid, plus any broker fees and commissions on those buys. It's the number your gain or loss is measured against, so a trade with high fees starts out slightly behind. When you sell part of a position, the cost basis of the shares you sold leaves with them.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Market Value: What your shares are worth right now: shares held multiplied by the current price. Compare it against cost basis to see your unrealized gain or loss. A suspended stock, or one that hasn't traded yet today, has no current price, so PSEye shows "N/A" for its market value rather than a stale or zero figure.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Realized vs. Unrealized Gain: A realized gain is profit you've actually locked in by selling: sale proceeds minus the cost basis of the shares sold, minus fees. An unrealized gain is profit on paper, on shares you still hold, and it moves every time the price does. PSEye matches sells against your oldest buys first (first in, first out), which is how it decides which shares' cost basis a sale used up.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Portfolio Weight: One holding's share of your total portfolio value, as a percentage. It's the quickest read on concentration: if a single stock is 60% of your portfolio, that stock's bad day is your portfolio's bad day, no matter how many other names you hold. Holdings with no current price are left out of the total, so they show no weight rather than a misleading zero.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Diversification: Spreading your money across enough different holdings that no single one decides your result. It is measured by how evenly your money is split, not by how many names you own: ten stocks with 91% of your money in one of them is barely more diversified than holding that one stock alone. Owning several companies in the same sector is a second, separate limit, because stocks in one industry tend to fall together. PSEye scores both on your portfolio page, as Diversification and Sector spread.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →
Paper Trading: Practising with simulated money against real market prices, so you can learn how orders, fees and price moves actually behave before any of your own money is at risk. Nothing is bought or sold and no broker is involved. PSEye's practice mode starts you with a simulated cash balance, prices every trade off real delayed PSE quotes, and keeps the whole thing separate from your real portfolio and watchlist.; Full definition →See Portfolio tracker →

Market activity & signals

What the whole market is doing, and the indicators computed from it.

Block Sale: A large trade in a stock (usually institutional) negotiated off the regular order book at a single agreed price, then reported separately from normal trading. PSE publishes these in its daily Quotation Report.; Full definition →See Block sales →
Net Foreign Buying / Selling: The peso value of shares bought by foreign investors minus the peso value sold, over a given period. Positive means foreign investors were net buyers (foreign money flowing in); negative means net sellers (flowing out). Tracked both index-wide and per-stock.; Full definition →See Foreign flow →
PSEi (PSE Composite Index): The Philippine Stock Exchange's main benchmark index: a fixed basket of 30 of the largest, most-traded companies on the exchange, weighted by the value of the shares actually available to trade, and used as the standard gauge of "the market" going up or down. Because the largest members carry most of it, the PSEi can fall on a day when most listed stocks rose.; Full definition →See The 30 companies in the PSEi →See Why the PSEi moved today →
Index Rebalancing: PSE's periodic review of which 30 companies make up the PSEi, normally taking effect in February and August, with off-cycle changes when a member delists or a new listing qualifies early. Because the basket is fixed at 30, nobody joins without somebody leaving, and funds tracking the index have to buy the entrant and sell the leaver around the effective date. That forced flow can move both stocks sharply without anything changing about either business.; Full definition →See The current PSEi members →
Market Breadth (Advance/Decline): How many stocks rose against how many fell on a given day, counted one company at a time rather than weighted by size. It is the check on a headline index number: a size-weighted index like the PSEi can close higher on two heavyweights while most of the market fell, and breadth is what exposes that split. A stock that posted no trade at all is counted separately, not as unchanged.; Full definition →See Today's breadth →See How far today's move spread →
Sector: The industry group a listed company belongs to under PSE's own classification: Financials, Industrial, Holding Firms, Property, Services, Mining & Oil, plus equity ETFs tracked separately from the six main boards. (PSE's SME Board listing tier is excluded from sector browsing for now.); Full definition →See Browse by sector →
52-Week High / Low: The highest and lowest closing price a stock has recorded over the trailing year. Often used as a quick reference for how far a stock's current price sits from its recent extremes.; Full definition →See All stocks →
Trading Value (Turnover) & Volume: Volume is the number of shares that changed hands today; value (turnover) is the total peso amount those trades were worth. Value is the more useful measure for comparing activity across different stocks, since a low-priced stock can show huge share volume without much real money moving, while a high-priced stock can move a lot of money on modest volume.; Full definition →See Most active stocks →
RSI (Relative Strength Index): A 0-100 momentum gauge comparing the size of a stock's recent gains to its recent losses over the last 14 trading days. Conventionally, above 70 is considered overbought and below 30 oversold, though neither guarantees a reversal is coming.; Full definition →See Per-stock risk stats →
MACD (Moving Average Convergence/Divergence): A trend-momentum indicator: the 12-day exponential moving average minus the 26-day EMA, itself smoothed by a 9-day signal line. The histogram (the gap between the two) is the usual way to read it: positive and above zero suggests bullish momentum, negative suggests bearish, and a bar flipping from one side of zero to the other is called a crossover.; Full definition →See Per-stock risk stats →
Market Regime (Risk-On / Risk-Off): PSEye's own rule-based classification of whether the market is trending up with low volatility and shallow drawdowns (risk-on), trending down with high volatility and deep drawdowns (risk-off), or neither clearly (neutral), derived from a reconstructed composite index, not an official PSE designation.; Full definition →See Market regime →
Stock Cluster (k-means): Groups of PSE stocks with similar volatility, beta, momentum, and market correlation, found algorithmically (k-means clustering) rather than assigned by PSE's own sector labels. Two stocks in different sectors can end up in the same cluster if they actually move alike.; Full definition →See Stock clusters →
Simple Moving Average (SMA): The average closing price over a fixed trailing window: the 50-day and 200-day windows are the two conventionally watched. A price trading above its moving average is often read as a short-term uptrend, below as a downtrend; the average itself lags the price since it's built from past closes, not a prediction of future ones.; Full definition →See Per-stock analytics →

Risk & statistics

Measures of how much a stock moves, how far it has fallen, and how it moves against everything else.

Bear Market: A fall of 20% or more from a market's recent peak, by the conventional definition. It is a description of what has already happened rather than a forecast: the threshold is only crossed well after a decline is underway, and nothing about reaching it says how long the fall continues or when it reverses. A shallower fall is usually called a correction.; Full definition →See Current market regime →See Returns by year →
Beta: How sensitive a stock's returns are to the overall market's: calculated as the covariance of the stock's returns with a benchmark (PSEye's reconstructed composite index), divided by the benchmark's variance. A beta above 1 means the stock tends to swing more than the market in the same direction; below 1, less; negative is rare but means it tends to move opposite the market.; Full definition →See Market analytics →See Portfolio tracker →
Volatility (Annualized Volatility): How much a stock's daily returns swing around their average, expressed as an annualized percentage: the standard deviation of daily log returns, scaled up to a yearly figure. Higher volatility means bigger day-to-day price swings in either direction; it says nothing by itself about whether those swings are up or down.; Full definition →See Market analytics →
Correlation: How closely two stocks' (or a stock and a sector's) returns move together, on a scale from -1 (perfectly opposite) to +1 (perfectly in sync). Two stocks with high correlation tend to rise and fall together even when they're in different PSE sectors, which is exactly what PSEye's stock clusters group by, instead of by sector label.; Full definition →See Market analytics →See Portfolio tracker →
Sharpe Ratio: Return earned per unit of total volatility (risk) taken, after subtracting a risk-free rate. Higher is better: it measures whether a stock's returns are compensating you enough for how much it swings, up or down alike.; Full definition →See Per-stock risk stats →
Sortino Ratio: Like the Sharpe ratio, but only penalizes downside volatility (losses), not upside price swings. A stock that only ever surprises to the upside scores better here than on Sharpe.; Full definition →See Per-stock risk stats →
Max Drawdown: The largest peak-to-trough decline in a stock's price over the period shown: how much you'd have lost, at worst, buying at the top and holding through the bottom before any recovery.; Full definition →See Per-stock risk stats →
Value at Risk (VaR): An estimate of the worst loss a stock stayed within on a given share of trading days, based on its own historical returns rather than a theoretical model. 95% VaR means daily returns were worse than this figure on roughly 1 in 20 trading days historically.; Full definition →See Per-stock risk stats →
Annualized Return (CAGR): The compound annual growth rate implied by a price series over a given window: the single steady yearly rate that would have produced the same total return, smoothing out however bumpy the actual path was. Useful for comparing two stocks (or two time windows) on equal footing, since raw total return alone doesn't account for how long it took to get there.; Full definition →See Per-stock statistics →
Downside Deviation: Like standard deviation (volatility), but calculated only from returns that fell below the risk-free rate. Upside swings aren't counted as "risk" at all. It's the ingredient behind the Sortino ratio, and generally reads lower than full volatility for a stock whose bad days are less extreme than its good ones.; Full definition →See Per-stock statistics →
Skewness: A measure of asymmetry in a stock's daily-return distribution. Positive skew means occasional large up days pull the average up and stretch the distribution's right tail; negative skew means occasional large down days do the same to the left. A skew near zero means gains and losses are roughly symmetric in shape.; Full definition →See Per-stock statistics →
Excess Kurtosis: How much more often extreme daily moves happen compared to a normal (bell-curve) distribution with the same volatility. Positive excess kurtosis ("fat tails") means big surprise days, up or down, show up more often than a bell curve would predict; near zero means the return distribution is closer to normal.; Full definition →See Per-stock statistics →